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Encyclopedia of Sport Management
Bringing together preeminent international researchers, emerging scholars and practitioners, Paul M. Pedersen presents the comprehensive Encyclopedia of Sport Management, offering detailed entries for the critical concepts and topics in the field.
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Critical Acclaim
Contributors
Contents
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Bringing together preeminent international researchers, emerging scholars and practitioners, Paul M. Pedersen presents the comprehensive Encyclopedia of Sport Management, offering detailed entries for the critical concepts and topics in the field.
This excellent resource contains 330 entries from 250 of the leading experts in sport management. The entries cover managerial, finance, marketing, technology, and organizational behavior topics, as well as communication, legal, historical, sociological, and strategy topics related to the sport industry. In addition, the Encyclopedia offers references and recommended reading for those looking for more information on the topics covered.
An authoritative reference work, this is a must-read resource for students, instructors and professors in sport management.
This excellent resource contains 330 entries from 250 of the leading experts in sport management. The entries cover managerial, finance, marketing, technology, and organizational behavior topics, as well as communication, legal, historical, sociological, and strategy topics related to the sport industry. In addition, the Encyclopedia offers references and recommended reading for those looking for more information on the topics covered.
An authoritative reference work, this is a must-read resource for students, instructors and professors in sport management.
Critical Acclaim
‘Over the main entrance of Dodd Hall at Florida State University are the words, “The half of knowledge is to know where to find knowledge.” With contributions from over 200 sport industry scholars and professionals, the Encyclopedia of Sport Management covers everything from Adaptive Sport to Youth Sport Development and more. Considering the growing size, scope, and complexity of the sport industry, this new resource is primed to serve as a must-have reference for all sport managers for many years to come.’
– Damon P. S. Andrew, Florida State University, US
‘With over 300 topics covered, written by some of the best scholars in the world, the Encyclopedia of Sport Management is the most comprehensive and up to date collection of information relevant to our field. I am particularly impressed with the breadth of the topics selected for this compilation. The Encyclopedia will be a great reference tool for everyone interested in sport management. Congratulations to editor Paul M. Pedersen for compiling such an invaluable resource.’
– Brian Turner, The Ohio State University, US
''The Encyclopedia of Sport Management is a truly comprehensive resource and a must-have book for all sport management students and academics. The representation of authors from all over the world ensures that every possible topic within sport management is covered. I look forward to using this impressive collection in my own teaching and research.''
– Andrea N. Geurin, Loughborough University London, UK
– Damon P. S. Andrew, Florida State University, US
‘With over 300 topics covered, written by some of the best scholars in the world, the Encyclopedia of Sport Management is the most comprehensive and up to date collection of information relevant to our field. I am particularly impressed with the breadth of the topics selected for this compilation. The Encyclopedia will be a great reference tool for everyone interested in sport management. Congratulations to editor Paul M. Pedersen for compiling such an invaluable resource.’
– Brian Turner, The Ohio State University, US
''The Encyclopedia of Sport Management is a truly comprehensive resource and a must-have book for all sport management students and academics. The representation of authors from all over the world ensures that every possible topic within sport management is covered. I look forward to using this impressive collection in my own teaching and research.''
– Andrea N. Geurin, Loughborough University London, UK
Contributors
Contributors: Gashaw Abeza, Rebecca M. Achen, Heather Alderman, Alisse Ali-Joseph, Colton T. Ames, Devin Anderson, Payam Ansari, Anna Baeth, Braden Bagley, Bradley J. Baker, Daniel Ballou, Michael Baptiste, Martin Barrett, Claudia Benavides-Espinoza, Jonathan J. Benedek, Brennan K. Berg, Luca Bifulco, Hannah Huiyuan Bo, Kimberly J. Bodey, Jan Boehmer, Valerie Bonnet, Ashley Bowers, Trish Bradbury, Cheri L. Bradish, Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove, Tim Breitbarth, Ryan Brewer, Trygve B. Broch, Kelly Brummett, Natalie Bunch, Lauren Burch, B. Nalani Butler, Kevin K. Byon, Marika Cappetta, Troy Carlton, Robert Case, Kevin P. Cattani, Jepkorir Rose Chepyator-Thomson, Sungho Cho, Wanyong Choi, Jinwook (Jason) Chung, Wonock Chung, Beth A. Cianfrone, Cassandra Coble, Hayden Coombs, T. Bettina Cornwell, Gregory A. Cranmer, Brian Crow, Ted Curtis, Hailey Daehnke, Valerio Della Sala, Nicolas Delorme, Anne L. DeMartini, Geoff Dickson, Mark Dodds, Aryn Dorr, Mark Dottori, Austin Duckworth, Sam Duncan, Tracie Edmondson, Elisabeth Erickson, Philip F. Estes, Zachary Evans, Jeffrey R. Farr, Annemarie Farrell, Tomika Ferguson, Jeremy J. Foreman, Eric Forsyth, Michael Fraina, Evan Frederick, Johannes Fühner, Yair Galily, Chris Galloway, Alex Gang, Hamid Ghasemi, Andy Gillentine, Thordis Gisladottir, Anneliese Goslin, Chenelle Kruger Goyen, John Grady, Hope Grame-Zeller, Scott Grant, Myia Graves, Elizabeth A. Gregg, Randall Griffiths, Frauke Hachtmann, Dustin Hahn, Lawrence Julius Hanks II, John Harris, Clay E. Harshaw, Karen L. Hartman, Lance C. Hatfield, Laura M. Hatfield, Andreas Hebbel-Seeger, Sarah Heck, David P. Hedlund, April Henning, Yoon Heo, David M. Herold, Brian Hofman, Cara Holdsclaw, Heath Hooper, Thomas Horky, Jonathan E. Howe, Janet M. Howes, Hansol Hwang, Donta Ingram, Farah J. Ishaq, Steve Jackson, Gidon Jakar, Melissa James, Mike James, Wooyoung (William) Jang, Dorota Janiszewska, Eunah Jo, Greg Joachim, Shannon Jolly, Byron O. Juma, Amy Chan Hyung Kim, Kihan Kim, Kyungun (Ryan) Kim, Sehwan Kim, Darlene A. Kluka, Alan S. Kornspan, Jorg Krieger, Elsa Kristiansen, Dominique C. Kropp, Jessica Kunert, Grzegorz Kwiatkowski, Eddie T. C. Lam, Keri Larsen, Jason W. Lee, Ju Young Lee, Jung Woo Lee, Minkyo Lee, Sanghak Lee, Woo-Young Lee, Bo Li, Judith Grant Long, Cara Lucia, Rachel Madsen, Jennifer Y. Mak, Ewa Malchrowicz-Mosko, Argyro Elisavet Manoli, Luke L. Mao, Tywan G. Martin, Luke Mashburn, Robbie Matz, Michał Mazurkiewicz, Jillian McNiff Villemaire, James Moore, Vanessa Moore, Craig Morehead, Charles Mountifield, Hallie Murray, Mark S. Nagel, Emily M. Newell, Jörg-Uwe Nieland, Daniel Nolleke, Braden Norris, Oladele Isiaka Oladipo, Norm O’Reilly, Jaime Orejan, Madeleine Orr, Barbara Osborne, Luiza Ossowska, Juho Park, Meungguk Park, Sangchul Park, Joshua R. Pate, Demetrius Pearson, Zack P. Pedersen, Jason Perry, David Pierce, N. David Pifer, Rocco P. Porreca, Karlee Posteher, Brandon J. Pottebaum, Luke Potwarka, Sean Pradhan, Brian Pruegger, Haozhou Pu, Tyler Ratts, Sabrina Reed, Patrick A. Reid, Warwick Reider, Timothy Robeers, Samantha Roberts, Angela Robles, Ary Jose Rocco Junior, Michael Ross, Brody J. Ruihley, Jimmy Sanderson, Paul Saville, Hans C. Schmidt, Sascha L. Schmidt, Lucie Schoch, Dominik Schreyer, Jackson Sears, Sean Seiler, Vinu Selvaratnam, Alex Sevigny, Jill Sharp, Stirling Sharpe, Sandra Shawver, Kathryn Shea, Erica Shonkwiler, Kelsey Slater, Mark A. Slavich, Natalie L. Smith, Sungwook Son, Katja Sonkeng, Richard M. Southall, Ryan Spalding, Keevan Statz, Peyton J. Stensland, Alex Stoikos, Sarah E. Stokowski, Kristi Sweeney, Kasey Symons, Ilan Tamir, Tang Tang, Olzhas Taniyev, Tomasz Taraszkiewicz, Darby Taylor, Jacob K. Tingle, Stavros Triantafyllidis, Joshua D. Vadeboncoeur, Ryan Vooris, Hagen, Wäsche, Anthony Weems, Natalie M. Welch, Antonio S. Williams, Dylan Williams, Tyler A. Williams, Chad Witkemper, Jules Woolf, Richard Keith Wright, Sarah Wymer, Hyejoo Yang, Juha Yoon, Arif Yuce, Abdulsamad Olajide Yusuf, James J. Zhang, Troy T. Zhao, Yilun Zhou, Matthew Zimmerman, David Zinn, Julia Ziolkowska
Contents
Contents:
Preface xviii
Academic history of sport management 1
Alan S. Kornspan
Accreditation 3
Heather Alderman
Activation 6
Jonathan J. Benedek
Active aging 8
Richard Keith Wright
Activism 9
Elizabeth A. Gregg
Adaptive sport 11
Joshua R. Pate
Advertising 12
Minkyo Lee
Agency 14
Charles Mountifield and Stirling Sharpe
Agenda setting 15
Evan Frederick
Agents 16
Charles Mountifield and Stirling Sharpe
Aging and sport 18
Amy Chan Hyung Kim
Alternative sports 19
Sehwan Kim and Jepkorir Rose
Chepyator-Thomson
Amateur sport 20
Ary Jose Rocco Junior
Amateur sport athlete development 22
Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick A. Reid
Ambush marketing 23
John Grady
Americans with Disabilities Act 24
Joshua R. Pate
Analytics 26
N. David Pifer
Antitrust 29
Mark S. Nagel
Apps 30
Troy T. Zhao and James J. Zhang
Arbitration 32
Michael Fraina
Associations 33
Alan S. Kornspan
Athlete branding 35
Antonio S. Williams and Zack P.
Pedersen
Athlete development 36
Sarah E. Stokowski
Athlete representation 37
Jörg Krieger and Austin Duckworth
Athletic conferences 39
David Zinn
Athletic director 40
Eric Forsyth
Atmospherics 42
Jason W. Lee
Attendance 43
Payam Ansari and Dominik Schreyer
Audience 45
Tang Tang
Automated sports journalism 47
Jessica Kunert and Sam Duncan
Barriers 48
Darby Taylor and Patrick A. Reid
Benchmarking 50
James Moore
Betting 50
Arif Yüce
Bias 53
Tomika Ferguson and Vanessa Moore
Blogging 55
Dustin Hahn
Boosters 56
Sandra Shawver
Bowl system 57
Annemarie Farrell and Rachel Madsen
Brand marks 58
Zack P. Pedersen and Antonio S.
Williams
Branding 60
Jason W. Lee
Broadcasting 64
Valerie Bonnet
Cannabis and sport 65
Tywan G. Martin and Mike James
Cause-related marketing 67
Keevan Statz
Celebrity 68
Timothy Robeers
Centrality 70
Jeremy J. Foreman
Civic engagement 71
Alex Gang and Eunah Jo
Cloud computing 74
Philip F. Estes
Club system 75
Katja Sonkeng and Jepkorir Rose
Chepyator-Thomson
Collective bargaining agreement 77
Farah J. Ishaq
Collegiate sport governance 78
Brian Hofman
Commercialization 82
Tomasz Taraszkiewicz and Julia
Ziółkowska
Commissioner 83
Ryan Vooris
Communication 84
Chris Galloway and Trish Bradbury
Communication literacy 86
Hamid Ghasemi
Community relations 87
Brody J. Ruihley
Community sport management 89
Troy Carlton and Aryn Dorr
Competencies 92
Trish Bradbury and Chris Galloway
Competitive balance 93
Bradley J. Baker
Compliance 95
Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick A. Reid
Concessions 96
Mark A. Slavich
Consumer behavior 98
Kevin K. Byon
Content analysis 101
Laura M. Hatfield
Contracts 102
Ted Curtis
Convention and visitors’ bureaus 103
Daniel Ballou
Corporate communication 105
Karen L. Hartman
Corporate social responsibility 106
Ju Young Lee
Corruption 109
Eddie T. C. Lam
Creativity 112
Kasey Symons
Crisis communication 113
Frauke Hachtmann
Crisis management 114
Chris Galloway and Trish Bradbury
Critical race theory 115
Jonathan E. Howe
Critical theory 117
Shannon Jolly and Jepkorir Rose
Chepyator-Thomson
Crowd management 118
Wooyoung (William) Jang
Cultural awareness 120
Jaime Orejan
Culture 121
Peyton J. Stensland
Curriculum 123
Chad Witkemper
Customer lifetime value 124
Sandra Shawver
Customer relationship marketing 125
Jennifer Y. Mak
Customer service 126
Kevin P. Cattani
Data 128
Wanyong Choi
Data collection 129
Sangchul Park
Data management 131
Yilun Zhou and Sarah Heck
Decision-making 132
Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove
Demographics 134
Eddie T. C. Lam
Design thinking 135
Greg Joachim
Diffusion of innovations 137
Jung Woo Lee
Diplomacy 138
Brennan K. Berg
Disability in sport 141
Joshua R. Pate
Discrimination 142
Nicolas Delorme
Distant fans 144
Haozhou Pu
Diversification 145
Sascha L. Schmidt and Johannes Fühner
Diversity 147
Cara Holdsclaw
Documentaries and films 148
Devin Anderson and Demetrius Pearson
Doping 150
Byron O. Juma and Jules Woolf
Draft 152
Sean Seiler and Jepkorir Rose
Chepyator-Thomson
Drug testing 153
Jörg Krieger and April Henning
Ecology 155
Madeleine Orr
Economic impact 157
Ryan Brewer
Economics 158
Ary Jose Rocco Junior
Electronic gaming 160
David P. Hedlund
Emotional intelligence 161
Kevin P. Cattani
Employability 162
Kimberly J. Bodey and Chad Witkemper
Endorsement 163
Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove
Entrepreneurship 165
Robert Case
E-sports 166
David P. Hedlund
Ethics 169
Michael A. Ross
Event experience 170
Mark A. Slavich
Event impacts 172
Luke Potwarka
Event management 174
Luke Mashburn
Exercising sovereignty 178
Alisse Ali-Joseph and Natalie M. Welch
Experimental research 180
Sean Pradhan
Extreme sports 182
Rocco P. Porreca
Facility management 183
Luke Mashburn
Family and sport 187
Hope Grame-Zeller
Fan activism 188
Alex Gang and Juho Park
Fan avidity 190
Cheri L. Bradish
Fan identification 191
Ilan Tamir
Fantasy sports 192
Braden Norris
Festival and event impact 193
Grzegorz Kwiatkowski and Ewa
Malchrowicz-Mośko
Fiction 194
Kasey Symons
Finance 195
Dylan Williams
Fitness management 199
Anne L. DeMartini
Focus groups 201
Ashley Bowers and Myia Graves
Foreign players 202
Darby Taylor and Patrick A. Reid
Framing 204
Evan Frederick
Free agency 205
Ted Curtis
Game theory 206
Bradley J. Baker
Gender 207
Lucie Schoch
Gender equality 209
Lucie Schoch
Gender imprinting 210
Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick A. Reid
Geography 211
Gidon Jakar
Globalization 212
Yilun Zhou and Sarah Heck
Glocalization 214
John Harris
Golf management 216
Tim Breitbarth and Geoff Dickson
Governance 217
Eddie T. C. Lam
Grassroots 220
Stirling Sharpe and Charles
Mountifield
Grounded theory 222
Frauke Hachtmann
Groupthink 223
Sabrina Reed and Hailey Daehnke
Growth hacking 225
Jan Boehmer
Guest service 226
Lance C. Hatfield
Hallmark sports events 228
Richard Keith Wright
Hazing 229
Brian Crow
Hegemony 230
Luca Bifulco
Hidden disabilities 232
Samantha Roberts
Historically Black Colleges and
Universities 233
Lawrence Julius Hanks II
History of sport management 235
Alan S. Kornspan
Hospitality 237
Luiza Ossowska and Dorota Janiszewska
Human-centered design 239
David Pierce and Erica Shonkwiler
Human resource management 241
Stirling Sharpe and Charles Mountifield
Human rights 242
Alex Gang and Colton T. Ames
Inclusivity 243
Cara Holdsclaw
Indigenous sport 245
Natalie M. Welch and Alisse Ali-Joseph
Industry 247
Julia Ziółkowska and Tomasz
Taraszkiewicz
Influencer marketing 248
Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove
Informatics 250
Hallie Murray
Information and communication
technology 251
Hansol Hwang and Hyejoo Yang
Innovation 253
Natalie L. Smith
Institutional logics 254
Richard M. Southall
Integrated marketing communication 255
Jan Boehmer
Intellectual property 257
Sungho Cho
Intercollegiate athletics 259
Kathryn Shea
International sport management 262
Samantha Roberts
Internships 263
Jonathan J. Benedek
Interpersonal skills 264
Hamid Ghasemi and Braden Norris
Interscholastic athletics 266
Scott Grant
Interviewing 268
Yair Galily
Nostalgia 335
Mark A. Slavich
Online communication networks 336
Juha Yoon
Organizational behavior 338
Cassandra Coble
Organizational justice 341
Claudia Benavides-Espinoza
Organizational networks 343
Hagen Wäsche
Organizational socialization 344
Gregory A. Cranmer
Organizational structure 346
Zachary Evans
Organizational theory 348
Ary Jose Rocco Junior
Outsourcing 349
Ashley Bowers
Pandemic 350
Jörg-Uwe Nieland and Daniel Nölleke
Parasocial 351
Bradley J. Baker
Parenting and sport 353
Hope Grame-Zeller
Pedagogy 354
Chad Witkemper
Performance management 355
Kimberly J. Bodey and Chad
Witkemper
Performing sport politics 356
Trygve B. Broch
Phenomenology 357
Joshua D. Vadeboncoeur
Philanthropy 359
Elisabeth Erickson
Philosophy 360
Rocco P. Porreca
Podcasts 362
Tyler Ratts and Jonathan J. Benedek
Policy 363
Brennan K. Berg
Politics 366
Anthony Weems
Positions 367
Jillian McNiff Villemaire
Positive psychology 368
Angela Robles and Paul Saville
Pricing 369
Jennifer Y. Mak
Product 370
Arif Yüce
Professional sport 372
Kristi Sweeney
Program management 373
Ashley Bowers and Jill Sharp
Promotion mix 374
Eddie T. C. Lam
Psychographics 376
Brandon J. Pottebaum and Beth A.
Cianfrone
Psychology 378
Angela Robles and Paul Saville
Public health 379
Amy Chan Hyung Kim
Public relations 381
Brody J. Ruihley
Qualitative research 382
Robbie Matz
Quantitative research 384
Tang Tang
Racism 385
Cara Holdsclaw
Radio 387
Hans C. Schmidt
Real estate development 388
Judith Grant Long
Recreation management 390
Martin Barrett
Recruiting 392
Karlee A. Posteher
Referee management 393
Jacob K. Tingle
Reflexivity 395
Joshua D. Vadeboncoeur
Relationship marketing 397
Rebecca M. Achen and Gashaw
Abeza
Religion 399
Michał Mazurkiewicz
Reputation management 400
Chris Galloway and Trish Bradbury
Research methods 401
Gashaw Abeza and Vinu Selvaratnam
Retail 404
Luke L. Mao
Return on investment 406
Natalie Bunch and Beth A. Cianfrone
Revenue sharing 407
Ryan Spalding
Risk management 409
Michael A. Ross and Heath Hooper
Rooney Rule 410
Jeremy J. Foreman
Salary caps 412
Hayden Coombs and Braden Bagley
Sales 413
Alex Stoikos
Sanctioning 414
Meungguk Park
Scale development 415
Kevin K. Byon
Security management 416
Janet M. Howes
Segmentation 418
Zack P. Pedersen and Antonio S.
Williams
Self-presentation 419
Bo Li
Semiotics 421
Jung Woo Lee
Serious leisure 422
Richard Keith Wright
Service 424
Hannah Huiyuan Bo and James
J. Zhang
Service quality 425
Jennifer Y. Mak
Sexism 426
Cara Lucia
Sexual abuse 427
Brian Hofman
Sexual harassment 428
Brian Hofman
Sexual orientation 430
Anna Baeth
Signage 431
Jillian McNiff Villemaire
Significant others and sport 432
Hope Grame-Zeller
Social capital 433
Alex Gang and Eunah Jo
Social class 434
Luca Bifulco
Social cognitive theory 436
Ashley Bowers and Keri Larsen
Social identity theory 437
Jackson Sears and Beth A. Cianfrone
Social justice 438
Kelly Brummett and Antonio S. Williams
Social learning theory 440
Chenelle Kruger Goyen and Jepkorir
Rose Chepyator-Thomson
Social media 441
Jimmy Sanderson
Social network analysis 445
Hagen Wäsche
Socialization 447
Lucie Schoch
Sociology 448
Elisabeth Erickson
Soft power 451
Alex Gang and Colton T. Ames
Sponsorship 453
T. Bettina Cornwell
Sponsorship evaluation 454
Norm O’Reilly
Sports commissions 456
Cheri L. Bradish
Sports information 457
Kyungun (Ryan) Kim and Woo-Young
Lee
Sportscape 458
Jason W. Lee
Stacking 460
Steve Jackson
Statistics 461
Dustin Hahn
Storytelling 463
Tim Breitbarth and Sam Duncan
Strategic communication 464
Mark Dottori and Alex Sévigny
Strategic management 466
Jeremy J. Foreman
Strategic Sport Communication Model 469
Mark Dottori and Alex Sévigny
Streaming 470
Sarah Wymer
Structural equation modeling 472
Kevin K. Byon
Student-athlete 474
Karlee A. Posteher
Supporters club 475
Sandra Shawver
Survey research 476
Sangchul Park
Sustainability 477
Stavros Triantafyllidis
SWOT analysis 480
Trish Bradbury and Chris Galloway
Tailgating 482
Andy Gillentine
Talent acquisition 483
Abdulsamad Olajide Yusuf and Oladele
Isiaka Oladipo
Talent evaluation 484
Abdulsamad Olajide Yusuf and Oladele
Isiaka Oladipo
Target market 485
Woo-Young Lee and Kyungun (Ryan)
Kim
Technology 486
Cheri L. Bradish
Ticket markets 487
Olzhas Taniyev
Ticketing 489
Emily M. Newell
Title IX 490
Brian Hofman
Tourism 493
Kelsey Slater
Trade publications 494
Kimberly J. Bodey and Chad Witkemper
Tragedy 495
Brian Hofman
Urbanism 496
Valerio della Sala
Uses and gratifications 498
Warwick Reider and Bo Li
Valuation 499
Ryan Brewer
Violence 501
Dustin Hahn
Virtual advertising 502
Arif Yüce
Virtual collaboration software 504
Hallie Murray
Vision 505
Michael Baptiste
Volunteer management 507
Randall Griffiths
Volunteer motivation 510
Stirling Sharpe and Charles Mountifield
Wearable technologies and analytics 511
Lauren Burch
Websites 513
Katja Sonkeng and Jepkorir Rose
Chepyator-Thomson
Women in sport 514
Darlene A. Kluka and Anneliese Goslin
Word of mouth 518
Jinwook (Jason) Chung
XReality 520
Andreas Hebbel-Seeger and Thomas
Horky
Youth sport development 522
Jeffrey R. Farr
Youth sport management 523
Troy Carlton
Index 528
Preface xviii
Academic history of sport management 1
Alan S. Kornspan
Accreditation 3
Heather Alderman
Activation 6
Jonathan J. Benedek
Active aging 8
Richard Keith Wright
Activism 9
Elizabeth A. Gregg
Adaptive sport 11
Joshua R. Pate
Advertising 12
Minkyo Lee
Agency 14
Charles Mountifield and Stirling Sharpe
Agenda setting 15
Evan Frederick
Agents 16
Charles Mountifield and Stirling Sharpe
Aging and sport 18
Amy Chan Hyung Kim
Alternative sports 19
Sehwan Kim and Jepkorir Rose
Chepyator-Thomson
Amateur sport 20
Ary Jose Rocco Junior
Amateur sport athlete development 22
Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick A. Reid
Ambush marketing 23
John Grady
Americans with Disabilities Act 24
Joshua R. Pate
Analytics 26
N. David Pifer
Antitrust 29
Mark S. Nagel
Apps 30
Troy T. Zhao and James J. Zhang
Arbitration 32
Michael Fraina
Associations 33
Alan S. Kornspan
Athlete branding 35
Antonio S. Williams and Zack P.
Pedersen
Athlete development 36
Sarah E. Stokowski
Athlete representation 37
Jörg Krieger and Austin Duckworth
Athletic conferences 39
David Zinn
Athletic director 40
Eric Forsyth
Atmospherics 42
Jason W. Lee
Attendance 43
Payam Ansari and Dominik Schreyer
Audience 45
Tang Tang
Automated sports journalism 47
Jessica Kunert and Sam Duncan
Barriers 48
Darby Taylor and Patrick A. Reid
Benchmarking 50
James Moore
Betting 50
Arif Yüce
Bias 53
Tomika Ferguson and Vanessa Moore
Blogging 55
Dustin Hahn
Boosters 56
Sandra Shawver
Bowl system 57
Annemarie Farrell and Rachel Madsen
Brand marks 58
Zack P. Pedersen and Antonio S.
Williams
Branding 60
Jason W. Lee
Broadcasting 64
Valerie Bonnet
Cannabis and sport 65
Tywan G. Martin and Mike James
Cause-related marketing 67
Keevan Statz
Celebrity 68
Timothy Robeers
Centrality 70
Jeremy J. Foreman
Civic engagement 71
Alex Gang and Eunah Jo
Cloud computing 74
Philip F. Estes
Club system 75
Katja Sonkeng and Jepkorir Rose
Chepyator-Thomson
Collective bargaining agreement 77
Farah J. Ishaq
Collegiate sport governance 78
Brian Hofman
Commercialization 82
Tomasz Taraszkiewicz and Julia
Ziółkowska
Commissioner 83
Ryan Vooris
Communication 84
Chris Galloway and Trish Bradbury
Communication literacy 86
Hamid Ghasemi
Community relations 87
Brody J. Ruihley
Community sport management 89
Troy Carlton and Aryn Dorr
Competencies 92
Trish Bradbury and Chris Galloway
Competitive balance 93
Bradley J. Baker
Compliance 95
Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick A. Reid
Concessions 96
Mark A. Slavich
Consumer behavior 98
Kevin K. Byon
Content analysis 101
Laura M. Hatfield
Contracts 102
Ted Curtis
Convention and visitors’ bureaus 103
Daniel Ballou
Corporate communication 105
Karen L. Hartman
Corporate social responsibility 106
Ju Young Lee
Corruption 109
Eddie T. C. Lam
Creativity 112
Kasey Symons
Crisis communication 113
Frauke Hachtmann
Crisis management 114
Chris Galloway and Trish Bradbury
Critical race theory 115
Jonathan E. Howe
Critical theory 117
Shannon Jolly and Jepkorir Rose
Chepyator-Thomson
Crowd management 118
Wooyoung (William) Jang
Cultural awareness 120
Jaime Orejan
Culture 121
Peyton J. Stensland
Curriculum 123
Chad Witkemper
Customer lifetime value 124
Sandra Shawver
Customer relationship marketing 125
Jennifer Y. Mak
Customer service 126
Kevin P. Cattani
Data 128
Wanyong Choi
Data collection 129
Sangchul Park
Data management 131
Yilun Zhou and Sarah Heck
Decision-making 132
Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove
Demographics 134
Eddie T. C. Lam
Design thinking 135
Greg Joachim
Diffusion of innovations 137
Jung Woo Lee
Diplomacy 138
Brennan K. Berg
Disability in sport 141
Joshua R. Pate
Discrimination 142
Nicolas Delorme
Distant fans 144
Haozhou Pu
Diversification 145
Sascha L. Schmidt and Johannes Fühner
Diversity 147
Cara Holdsclaw
Documentaries and films 148
Devin Anderson and Demetrius Pearson
Doping 150
Byron O. Juma and Jules Woolf
Draft 152
Sean Seiler and Jepkorir Rose
Chepyator-Thomson
Drug testing 153
Jörg Krieger and April Henning
Ecology 155
Madeleine Orr
Economic impact 157
Ryan Brewer
Economics 158
Ary Jose Rocco Junior
Electronic gaming 160
David P. Hedlund
Emotional intelligence 161
Kevin P. Cattani
Employability 162
Kimberly J. Bodey and Chad Witkemper
Endorsement 163
Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove
Entrepreneurship 165
Robert Case
E-sports 166
David P. Hedlund
Ethics 169
Michael A. Ross
Event experience 170
Mark A. Slavich
Event impacts 172
Luke Potwarka
Event management 174
Luke Mashburn
Exercising sovereignty 178
Alisse Ali-Joseph and Natalie M. Welch
Experimental research 180
Sean Pradhan
Extreme sports 182
Rocco P. Porreca
Facility management 183
Luke Mashburn
Family and sport 187
Hope Grame-Zeller
Fan activism 188
Alex Gang and Juho Park
Fan avidity 190
Cheri L. Bradish
Fan identification 191
Ilan Tamir
Fantasy sports 192
Braden Norris
Festival and event impact 193
Grzegorz Kwiatkowski and Ewa
Malchrowicz-Mośko
Fiction 194
Kasey Symons
Finance 195
Dylan Williams
Fitness management 199
Anne L. DeMartini
Focus groups 201
Ashley Bowers and Myia Graves
Foreign players 202
Darby Taylor and Patrick A. Reid
Framing 204
Evan Frederick
Free agency 205
Ted Curtis
Game theory 206
Bradley J. Baker
Gender 207
Lucie Schoch
Gender equality 209
Lucie Schoch
Gender imprinting 210
Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick A. Reid
Geography 211
Gidon Jakar
Globalization 212
Yilun Zhou and Sarah Heck
Glocalization 214
John Harris
Golf management 216
Tim Breitbarth and Geoff Dickson
Governance 217
Eddie T. C. Lam
Grassroots 220
Stirling Sharpe and Charles
Mountifield
Grounded theory 222
Frauke Hachtmann
Groupthink 223
Sabrina Reed and Hailey Daehnke
Growth hacking 225
Jan Boehmer
Guest service 226
Lance C. Hatfield
Hallmark sports events 228
Richard Keith Wright
Hazing 229
Brian Crow
Hegemony 230
Luca Bifulco
Hidden disabilities 232
Samantha Roberts
Historically Black Colleges and
Universities 233
Lawrence Julius Hanks II
History of sport management 235
Alan S. Kornspan
Hospitality 237
Luiza Ossowska and Dorota Janiszewska
Human-centered design 239
David Pierce and Erica Shonkwiler
Human resource management 241
Stirling Sharpe and Charles Mountifield
Human rights 242
Alex Gang and Colton T. Ames
Inclusivity 243
Cara Holdsclaw
Indigenous sport 245
Natalie M. Welch and Alisse Ali-Joseph
Industry 247
Julia Ziółkowska and Tomasz
Taraszkiewicz
Influencer marketing 248
Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove
Informatics 250
Hallie Murray
Information and communication
technology 251
Hansol Hwang and Hyejoo Yang
Innovation 253
Natalie L. Smith
Institutional logics 254
Richard M. Southall
Integrated marketing communication 255
Jan Boehmer
Intellectual property 257
Sungho Cho
Intercollegiate athletics 259
Kathryn Shea
International sport management 262
Samantha Roberts
Internships 263
Jonathan J. Benedek
Interpersonal skills 264
Hamid Ghasemi and Braden Norris
Interscholastic athletics 266
Scott Grant
Interviewing 268
Yair Galily
Nostalgia 335
Mark A. Slavich
Online communication networks 336
Juha Yoon
Organizational behavior 338
Cassandra Coble
Organizational justice 341
Claudia Benavides-Espinoza
Organizational networks 343
Hagen Wäsche
Organizational socialization 344
Gregory A. Cranmer
Organizational structure 346
Zachary Evans
Organizational theory 348
Ary Jose Rocco Junior
Outsourcing 349
Ashley Bowers
Pandemic 350
Jörg-Uwe Nieland and Daniel Nölleke
Parasocial 351
Bradley J. Baker
Parenting and sport 353
Hope Grame-Zeller
Pedagogy 354
Chad Witkemper
Performance management 355
Kimberly J. Bodey and Chad
Witkemper
Performing sport politics 356
Trygve B. Broch
Phenomenology 357
Joshua D. Vadeboncoeur
Philanthropy 359
Elisabeth Erickson
Philosophy 360
Rocco P. Porreca
Podcasts 362
Tyler Ratts and Jonathan J. Benedek
Policy 363
Brennan K. Berg
Politics 366
Anthony Weems
Positions 367
Jillian McNiff Villemaire
Positive psychology 368
Angela Robles and Paul Saville
Pricing 369
Jennifer Y. Mak
Product 370
Arif Yüce
Professional sport 372
Kristi Sweeney
Program management 373
Ashley Bowers and Jill Sharp
Promotion mix 374
Eddie T. C. Lam
Psychographics 376
Brandon J. Pottebaum and Beth A.
Cianfrone
Psychology 378
Angela Robles and Paul Saville
Public health 379
Amy Chan Hyung Kim
Public relations 381
Brody J. Ruihley
Qualitative research 382
Robbie Matz
Quantitative research 384
Tang Tang
Racism 385
Cara Holdsclaw
Radio 387
Hans C. Schmidt
Real estate development 388
Judith Grant Long
Recreation management 390
Martin Barrett
Recruiting 392
Karlee A. Posteher
Referee management 393
Jacob K. Tingle
Reflexivity 395
Joshua D. Vadeboncoeur
Relationship marketing 397
Rebecca M. Achen and Gashaw
Abeza
Religion 399
Michał Mazurkiewicz
Reputation management 400
Chris Galloway and Trish Bradbury
Research methods 401
Gashaw Abeza and Vinu Selvaratnam
Retail 404
Luke L. Mao
Return on investment 406
Natalie Bunch and Beth A. Cianfrone
Revenue sharing 407
Ryan Spalding
Risk management 409
Michael A. Ross and Heath Hooper
Rooney Rule 410
Jeremy J. Foreman
Salary caps 412
Hayden Coombs and Braden Bagley
Sales 413
Alex Stoikos
Sanctioning 414
Meungguk Park
Scale development 415
Kevin K. Byon
Security management 416
Janet M. Howes
Segmentation 418
Zack P. Pedersen and Antonio S.
Williams
Self-presentation 419
Bo Li
Semiotics 421
Jung Woo Lee
Serious leisure 422
Richard Keith Wright
Service 424
Hannah Huiyuan Bo and James
J. Zhang
Service quality 425
Jennifer Y. Mak
Sexism 426
Cara Lucia
Sexual abuse 427
Brian Hofman
Sexual harassment 428
Brian Hofman
Sexual orientation 430
Anna Baeth
Signage 431
Jillian McNiff Villemaire
Significant others and sport 432
Hope Grame-Zeller
Social capital 433
Alex Gang and Eunah Jo
Social class 434
Luca Bifulco
Social cognitive theory 436
Ashley Bowers and Keri Larsen
Social identity theory 437
Jackson Sears and Beth A. Cianfrone
Social justice 438
Kelly Brummett and Antonio S. Williams
Social learning theory 440
Chenelle Kruger Goyen and Jepkorir
Rose Chepyator-Thomson
Social media 441
Jimmy Sanderson
Social network analysis 445
Hagen Wäsche
Socialization 447
Lucie Schoch
Sociology 448
Elisabeth Erickson
Soft power 451
Alex Gang and Colton T. Ames
Sponsorship 453
T. Bettina Cornwell
Sponsorship evaluation 454
Norm O’Reilly
Sports commissions 456
Cheri L. Bradish
Sports information 457
Kyungun (Ryan) Kim and Woo-Young
Lee
Sportscape 458
Jason W. Lee
Stacking 460
Steve Jackson
Statistics 461
Dustin Hahn
Storytelling 463
Tim Breitbarth and Sam Duncan
Strategic communication 464
Mark Dottori and Alex Sévigny
Strategic management 466
Jeremy J. Foreman
Strategic Sport Communication Model 469
Mark Dottori and Alex Sévigny
Streaming 470
Sarah Wymer
Structural equation modeling 472
Kevin K. Byon
Student-athlete 474
Karlee A. Posteher
Supporters club 475
Sandra Shawver
Survey research 476
Sangchul Park
Sustainability 477
Stavros Triantafyllidis
SWOT analysis 480
Trish Bradbury and Chris Galloway
Tailgating 482
Andy Gillentine
Talent acquisition 483
Abdulsamad Olajide Yusuf and Oladele
Isiaka Oladipo
Talent evaluation 484
Abdulsamad Olajide Yusuf and Oladele
Isiaka Oladipo
Target market 485
Woo-Young Lee and Kyungun (Ryan)
Kim
Technology 486
Cheri L. Bradish
Ticket markets 487
Olzhas Taniyev
Ticketing 489
Emily M. Newell
Title IX 490
Brian Hofman
Tourism 493
Kelsey Slater
Trade publications 494
Kimberly J. Bodey and Chad Witkemper
Tragedy 495
Brian Hofman
Urbanism 496
Valerio della Sala
Uses and gratifications 498
Warwick Reider and Bo Li
Valuation 499
Ryan Brewer
Violence 501
Dustin Hahn
Virtual advertising 502
Arif Yüce
Virtual collaboration software 504
Hallie Murray
Vision 505
Michael Baptiste
Volunteer management 507
Randall Griffiths
Volunteer motivation 510
Stirling Sharpe and Charles Mountifield
Wearable technologies and analytics 511
Lauren Burch
Websites 513
Katja Sonkeng and Jepkorir Rose
Chepyator-Thomson
Women in sport 514
Darlene A. Kluka and Anneliese Goslin
Word of mouth 518
Jinwook (Jason) Chung
XReality 520
Andreas Hebbel-Seeger and Thomas
Horky
Youth sport development 522
Jeffrey R. Farr
Youth sport management 523
Troy Carlton
Index 528
